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Analysis: Cybercrime laws risk "gradual criminalization" of journalists!
As the number of states passing cybercrime laws increases, analysts warn that efforts to address genuine concerns are likely to allow authorities to target their critics.
Analysts warn that amendments recently passed in Pakistan and Myanmar could worsen the suppression of freedom of expression in these countries.
Some point to Nigeria as evidence. Since the cybercrime law was passed in 2015, human rights organizations have documented 29 cases of journalists being prosecuted.
“We are seeing a gradual criminalization of journalists around the world, and this trend poses a major threat to press freedom,” says Jonathan Rozen, a researcher at the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).
In Pakistan, the government in January amended the Prevention of Cybercrime Act, passed in 2016. Authorities said the changes would crack down on cybercrime, online harassment and the distribution of hate speech content that could incite violence.
Pakistan's Information Minister, Attaullah Tarar, said the law was needed "to regulate (by law) social networks."
"Countries around the world have some codes or standards based on which social networks operate, but our country has none," he told reporters last month.
Journalists and civil society protested against these amendments, saying the charges would allow authorities to criminally prosecute those who disagree with the government.
Analysts cite as examples such general terms in law as "illegal" content, or "persons," the latter now meaning state institutions and corporations.
Another proposed amendment is the creation of the Digital Rights Protection Authority, which could remove content from social media platforms.
Critics and media rights groups express concern that the move paves the way for increased restrictions on and legal action against journalists and social media users, limiting critical voices and enabling the country's powerful military leadership to target ordinary people.
Media rights organizations have documented over 200 cases of journalists under investigation since the passage of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, known as PECA.
Joshua Kurlantzick, an analyst at the Council on Foreign Relations, said that changes to Pakistan's cybercrime law would "further exacerbate the atmosphere of repression that already exists online."
Sipas tij, ushtria e Pakistanit ka “ashpërsuar goditjen” ndaj kritikëve gjatë vitit të fundit.
“Kanë bërë çmos që të vendosin në shënjestër individë, aktivistë të të drejtave të njeriut, gazetarë, si dhe t’i përdorin ligjet për të përndjekur persona dhe shpesh për t’i çuar ata në burg”, tha ai.
Ministria pakistaneze e Informimit nuk iu përgjigj kërkesës së Zërit të Amerikës për koment.
Shqetësime të ngjashme janë shprehur edhe në Mianmar, ku junta në muajin korrik miratoi një ligj gjithpërfshirës mbi krimet kibernetike. Ligji vë në shënjestër rrjetet private virtuale, të njohura si VPN, që u mundësojnë përdoruesve të internetit të hapin faqet e bllokuara të internetit, apo ato që janë të cenzuruara.
Junta tha se ligji i ri nevojitej për t’u mbrojtur nga sulmet dhe krimet kibernetike që mund të kërcënojnë stabilitetin e shtetit.
Që kur mori pushtetin përmes grusht shtetit në shkurt të vitit 2021, ushtria e Mianmarit ka pezulluar lejet e transmetimit, ka bllokuar qasjen në faqe të caktuara interneti dhe ka burgosur gazetarët. Ky shtet, ku 35 gazetarë po mbahen në burg, mban vendin e tretë në listën e shteteve me numrin më të madh të gazetarëve të burgosur, sipas të dhënave më të reja të Komitetit për Mbrojtjen e Gazetarëve.
Një ekspert nga grupi Projekti për Internet në Mianmar, që mbron të drejtat digjitale, i tha Zërit të Amerikës se ligji është më i përqëndruar tek shtypja e të drejtave se tek mbrojtja e publikut.
“Të gjitha nenet e ligjit synojnë të shtypin dhe jo të mbrojnë publikun”, deklaroi eksperti, i cili u identifikua vetëm si U Han. “Ne besojmë që junta do ta shfrytëzojë këtë ligj si një armë të përgatitur për këtë qëllim”.
Megjithatë, analisti Kurlantzick beson se ushtria do ta ketë vështirë të kufizojnë hapësirën në internet.
“Ushtria e Mianmarit nuk ka më fuqi që të kufizojë kritikën në internet, meqë 70 për qind e vendit tani kontrollohet nga grupet opozitare”, tha ai. “Qeveria, e cila nuk mund të sigurojë furnizim me energji elektrike, ujë apo të ofrojë shërbime tjera as për qytetet e mëdha, nuk e ka aftësinë që të bllokojë internetin tani”.
Në Nigeri, Ligji për Krime Kibernetike, i miratuar në vitin 2015, është përdorur për padi kundër gazetarëve të cilët hetojnë korrupsionin. Por qeveria ka bërë disa reforma bazuar me rekomandim të shoqërisë civile dhe organizatave që mbrojnë lirinë e shtypit.
Dy pjesë të ligjit për krime kibernetike kanë nxitur shqetësime në veçanti, për shkak të “gjuhës shumë të paqartë” që ka mundësuar arrestimin e gazetarëve për ato që u cilësuan si mesazhe “shpifëse”, sipas zotit Rozen nga Komiteti për Mbrojtjen e Gazetarëve.
Në vitin 2024 u bën disa ndryshime në këtë ligj, për ta bërë gjuhën më të qartë.
"With the recent changes, authorities can only arrest journalists if they knowingly send false messages, or if the messages cause unrest, or pose a threat to life," said Mr. Rozen, adding that some parts of the law remain "too broad and can be misused."
These parts of the law allow law enforcement to access information through a telephone or internet service provider without a court order.
Nigerian police have exploited this section of the law to gain access to journalists' data, says Mr. Rozen, noting that four journalists are currently facing prosecution under the cybercrime law.
Mr. Rozen agrees that “disinformation and malicious reporting pose a challenge to society, but what we are seeing ,” he says, “is a criminalization of journalists on charges of spreading false information, and in many cases, this is used as a pretext to silence or suppress” critical voices.
With reporting and writing increasingly happening online, the tools some governments are using to suppress journalists are adapting to the modernization of the industry, says Mr. Rozen./VOA
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