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"National Geographic": Sazani, the island desired for thousands of years by the powerful

For thousands of years, world powers have traded control over a small, lush island off the southwestern coast of Albania.
Sazan Island, a 2.2 square mile expanse of land, lies within the Strait of Otranto, a narrow channel separating Italy and Albania, and which has served as an important base for powers seeking to dominate the Adriatic and Ionian seas.
There are no permanent residents in Sazan, yet it has played a key role in the history of Albania for more than a century.
“The island certainly has a long and complicated history,” says Theodora Dragostinova, a history professor at Ohio State University who specializes in Balkan studies. With its strategic location on the edge of the Gulf of Vlora in Albania, various empires — including the Romans, Venetians, British and Ottomans — have controlled it.
“It is certainly one of the best examples of how location can disproportionately determine the importance of a particular place ,” Petar Kure?i?, a professor of political science at the Northern University in Croatia, notes in an email.
“There has been no significant historical power in the region (or even outside it) that has not controlled or attempted to control Sazan.” Possession of the island once helped determine control of the Adriatic, and with it countless port cities, such as Venice, Dubrovnik, and Trieste. (Today, the area is valued primarily for its ecological beauty and potential to attract tourists.)
In antiquity, the Romans used the Gulf of Vlora as a resting place for their ships. Several key battles during the Roman Civil War – a fierce struggle between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great from 49-45 BC – took place along the coast of mainland Albania.
More than a millennium later, in 1264, the Venetians and Genoese, fighting for dominance in trade, staged a naval battle off the coast of Sazan. And by the 15th century, Sazan had become an official naval outpost for the Ottoman Empire, explains Steven Seegel, professor of European and Eurasian Studies at the University of Texas at Austin.
Sazan Island is home to an extensive network of tunnels, barracks, and other abandoned military infrastructure. Since few people have visited the island in recent decades, the ecosystem has flourished.

Fast forward to 1912, when Albania declared independence from the Ottomans. Suddenly, Sazan became a disputed territory, with many nations – Greece, Albania, and Italy – vying for control.
8 vjet më vonë, Italia mori në zotërim ishullin, të cilin e mbajti pasi Musolini erdhi në pushtet në vitin 1922.
“Forcat [e tij] në periudhën midis dy luftërave ndërtuan infrastrukturë mbrojtjeje atje, duke përfshirë kazerma dhe instalime ushtarake që rezultuan të rëndësishme për kontrollin e Detit Adriatik”, – thotë Seegel. Gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore, italianët dhe, për një periudhë të shkurtër, gjermanët e pushtuan ishullin.
Kur Lufta e Dytë Botërore mbaroi, Shqipëria më në fund fitoi pronësinë e Sazanit si pjesë e Traktatit të Paqes së Parisit në vitin 1947. Ishulli më pas luajti një rol të spikatur në regjimin e Enver Hoxhës, i cili e udhëhoqi vendin nga viti 1944 deri në vdekjen e tij në vitin 1985. Qeveria e tij komuniste ishte izolacioniste dhe shtypëse. Figurat fetare dhe individë të tjerë që shiheshin si kërcënues për shtetin u burgosën, u internuan ose u ekzekutuan, dhe qeveria sekuestroi pronën private.
“Hoxha ishte i fiksuar pas idesë së një sulmi ushtarak kundër Shqipërisë”, – thotë Elidor Mëhilli, një profesor i asociuar i historisë në “Hunter College”. Me ndihmën e Bashkimit Sovjetik, një aleat i Shqipërisë, ai ndërtoi mbrojtjen e Sazanit, duke përfshirë mijëra bunkerë për t’u mbrojtur nga pushtimet dhe një rrjet sekret tunelesh të përdorur për të ruajtur nëndetëset. (Një memo sekrete e CIA-s nga viti 1961 i referohej Sazanit si një “Gjibraltar i Kuq në Mesdhe.”)
Kur marrëdhënia e Hoxhës me BRSS-në u shpërbë përfundimisht, thuhet se ai refuzoi të hiqte dorë nga disa nga nëndetëset. Sovjetikët, duke mos dashur të shkaktonin një konflikt duke kaluar ujërat e NATO-s për t’i rimarrë ato, i lanë anijet e tyre të çmuara të iknin.
Gjatë gjithë regjimit të tij, infrastruktura ushtarake në Sazan kishte funksione të dyfishta: mbrojtjen nga kërcënimet e perceptuara dhe ndihmën në parandalimin e largimit të shqiptarëve nga vendi, thotë Dragostinova. “Nga mënyra se si e shoh unë, ajo u bë një simbol i brutalitetit, fshehtësisë dhe paranojës së regjimit.”
Kur qeveria komuniste e Hoxhës ra përfundimisht në vitet 1990, “ishulli u rimor për kombin dhe natyrën”, thotë Dragostinova, dhe nga ana tjetër u bë një simbol i çlirimit për shumë shqiptarë. Në vitin 2010, qeveria shqiptare krijoi Parkun Kombëtar Detar Karaburun – Sazan, i cili përfshin Sazanin dhe është shtëpia e rreth 300 llojeve të bimëve dhe 40 llojeve të zogjve, të tilla si devija alpine dhe bufja euroaziatike, një nga llojet më të mëdha të bufëve. Me kalimin e kohës, parku kombëtar është bërë gjithashtu një strehë për fokat mesdhetare të rrezikuara, breshkat e detit Loggerhead që folezojnë dhe qindra flamingo.
Five years later, says Mehilli, Sazani was demilitarized and opened to the public. (Technically, it is still a military exclusion zone, placing it under the jurisdiction of Albania’s Ministry of Defense.) Although parts of Sazani have been opened to tourism, it still lacks significant infrastructure, and overnight stays are usually prohibited. Visitors hoping to see its limestone cliffs must travel by boat during the day.
Today, Sazani is “a unique Cold War time capsule in the middle of the sea,” says Mehilli. Its network of tunnels still remains there, as well as relics of command bunkers, weapons depots, and nuclear shelters.
Unexploded mines and other munitions have been found on and near the island, according to several media reports. Since Sazani once housed military officers and several families, it also had a collection of houses, schools and medical clinics, Mehilli says. (Parts of Sazani, he notes, were looted during civil unrest in 1997.)
Due to the region's long history of war, the waters surrounding Sazan and the Gulf of Vlora are littered with shipwrecks, mainly from World War I and II. The area has yielded several important archaeological discoveries and has become popular with divers.
Because few people had access to the island for decades, its ecosystems are largely untouched. “From a historian’s perspective,” says Mehilli, “this is one of the few relatively untouched places left in Albania that speaks to its deep history.”
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