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From defense to immigration, what does the new German government promise?
Germany's new governing coalition, led by conservatives, begins work on Tuesday under the leadership of new Chancellor Friedrich Merz, about three months after February's parliamentary elections.
The coalition – made up of the Christian Democrats of Merz (CDU), the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SPD) – is set to govern Germany for the next four years.
These three parties drew up a governing program in the coalition agreement in April, promising to revive the weakened economy, tighten immigration rules and cut state spending.
Critics have argued that the 144-page document lacks concrete commitments, and that even those promises that are included are limited by what has been called a "financial conditionality."
However, Merz is expected to have more budgetary flexibility than his predecessor Olaf Scholz, after the parties swiftly passed a historic package in parliament, changing constitutional rules to allow increased defense spending and approving a 500 billion euro fund for infrastructure and climate protection measures.
So, what achievements have the coalition partners pledged to achieve?
Strengthening the economy
The new government's main task will be to restart Germany's economic engine, as the country's economy has stalled for two consecutive years following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
To encourage investment, the coalition will allow companies to exempt 30 percent of their investments from tax for the next three years, while corporate income tax will be gradually reduced from 2028.
The partners also want to reduce bureaucracy, by abolishing the German Supply Chain Act that came into force in 2023 and oversees human rights and environmental risks along a product's supply chain.
Instead, German companies will be subject to the EU Supply Chain Directive, avoiding additional documentation.
The coalition also aims to combat high energy costs and set a price ceiling for industries that consume a lot of electricity.
Curbing immigration
The most controversial topic during the election campaign in Germany was curbing immigration, after several attacks were blamed on refugees.
The coalition has pledged to maintain border control and to turn back illegal immigrants, even if they seek asylum. But the decision will be made "in coordination with our European neighbors."
Nuk do të miratohet asnjë program i ri për risistemim vullnetar të refugjatëve, ndërsa refugjatët me status të kufizuar mbrojtjeje nuk do të lejohen të sjellin anëtarët e familjes në Gjermani për një periudhë fillestare prej dy vjetësh.
Qeveria e re planifikon gjithashtu t’i ndryshojë rregullat për shtetësinë, duke hequr rrugën për marrjen e nënshtetësisë pas vetëm tri vjetësh qëndrimi për emigrantët e integruar mirë në veçanti.
Megjithatë, do të ruhet ulja e kërkesës standarde të qëndrimit për shtetësi nga tetë në pesë vjet, si dhe mundësia e shtetësisë së dyfishtë për banorët nga vende që nuk janë anëtare të BE-së.
Mbrojtja, siguria dhe politika e jashtme
Administrata e Merzit do të përballet me një botë që po pëson ndryshime, pasi Evropa po lëkundet nga rikthimi i Donald Trumpit në Shtëpinë e Bardhë.
Marrëveshja e koalicionit rithekson angazhimin e partive ndaj Bashkimit Evropian, NATO-s dhe partneritetit ekonomik transatlantik me SHBA-në, pavarësisht politikave agresive tregtare të Trumpit.
Në lidhje me mbrojtjens, administrata e re synon ta krijojë një program për shërbim ushtarak vullnetar sipas modelit suedez, pothuajse 15 vjet pasi vendi pezulloi rekrutimin.
Gjithashtu, do të krijohet një Këshill i Sigurisë Kombëtare, që do të mbledhë të dhëna dhe do të mundësojë vendimmarrje më të shpejtë për krizat kombëtare dhe ndërkombëtare.
Buxheti dhe shpenzimet sociale
Koalicioni dëshiron të kursejë në shpenzimet qeveritare duke bërë shkurtime të mëdha në buxhetin federal.
Në administratën civile, do të shkurtohen 8 për qind e vendeve të punës për katër vjet – me përjashtim për forcat e sigurisë.
Numri i komisionarëve federalë – ekspertë të pavarur që këshillojnë qeverinë – do të përgjysmohet, ndërsa do të kursehen gjithsej 1 miliard euro në programet e zhvillimit dhe kontributet për organizatat ndërkombëtare.
Reforma e mëparshme e përfitimeve të papunësisë, e njohur si “të ardhura qytetare”, do të riemërtohet në “siguri bazë për punëkërkuesit” dhe do të ashpërsohet.
Në raste ekstreme, do të jetë e mundur “heqja e plotë e përfitimeve” nëse një person refuzon vazhdimisht vende të arsyeshme pune.
Koalicioni gjithashtu mund të reformojë rregulloren për 8-orëshin e punës ditore, duke e zëvendësuar atë me një kuadër javor për orarin e punës.
Në një fitore për Socialdemokratët, marrëveshja përfshin angazhimin për një pagë minimale prej 15 eurosh në orë.
Taksat dhe subvencionet
Palët kishin dallime të mëdha rreth taksave gjatë fushatës – blloku konservator CDU/CSU premtoi ulje të taksave, ndërsa SPD-ja kërkonte t’i rriste ato për ata me të ardhura të larta.
Marrëveshja është një kompromis: synohet ulje e tatimit brenda dy vjetësh për ata me të hyra të mesme dhe të ulëta.
Shtesa kontroverse 5.5 për qind për “solidaritetin”, e përdorur për të financuar kostot e bashkimit gjerman, do të mbetet në fuqi për qytetarët dhe kompanitë me të ardhura të larta, ndërsa subvencionet për udhëtarët do të zgjerohen.
Speaking of transport, the "Deutschlandticket" ticket - which offers unlimited access to regional public transport for a monthly price of 58 euros - will remain valid after 2025, but users should prepare for price increases from 2029.
Other promises include: a legal right to maternity leave for self-employed women, and an expansion of the “mother’s pension,” which compensates parents for years spent raising children. The standard pension level will be set at 48 percent of average earnings by 2031.
Cash payments, cannabis and coronavirus
The document also contains further commitments in various areas, from cash payments to cannabis policy.
Many visitors to Germany are surprised by the widespread use of cash in small shops.
Under the agreement, the coalition aims to offer at least one digital payment option to consumers.
Meanwhile, the previous government's partial legalization of cannabis for adults will be reviewed, and an official commission will be established to investigate the strict measures taken during the coronavirus pandemic./Radio Free Europe
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