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Legalization of cannabis in Albania, what American experts warned: Criminal groups will follow the practice of "fines"
Albania will legalize the cultivation of cannabis for medical use.
This was stated by Prime Minister Edi Rama on Thursday, after the publication of the results of the National Council, which showed that 61 percent of Albanians surveyed were in favor of legalizing cannabis for medical use.
Although many countries in the EU and the US have been implementing this initiative for years, two US experts have warned that the move could have repercussions on social problems and the level of criminal activity, citing the experiences of countries that have gone through the process.
"If the goal of this activity is to increase budget revenues, the American experience does not support that ," Professor Jonathan Caulkins told VOA two years ago.
“ Marijuana cultivation is not a significant source of budget revenues; in none of the American states does it exceed 1% of fiscal revenues ”.
The smaller the effect of this activity will be to support the most needy strata in the Albanian society, experts say:
" Given the level of corruption in Albania, I do not see it possible for these budget funds to improve the situation for the poorest sections of society. "The main problem in such countries is not illegal drugs, but corruption," said Hanna Kassab, author and lecturer at the University of East Carolina.
Professor Jonathan Caulkins says that in the United States where medical marijuana was legalized, negative consequences were observed for the poorest strata that engaged in cultivation illegally:
"Legalization shifts the cultivation activity from the poorest, the most uneducated, from those who can not find another job and who planted hashish illegally, to corporations, to entrepreneurs with university degrees. "Legal cultivation does not create employment opportunities for those who are most in need."
Në vendet që e kanë kaluar këtë proces, ekspertët nënvizojnë se legalizimi nuk arriti të eliminojë tregun e zi:
“Tregu i zi mund të bashkekzistojë me tregun e ligjshëm për konsum të brendshëm. Në shtetet amerikane që legalizuan prodhimin u fuqizuan edhe prodhuesit pa liçencë, pasi sektori i ligjshëm krijon lehtësira edhe për ta: furnizim të bollshëm me fara, me pajisje për mbjellje, ventilim e ngrohje, ekspertë agronomë,” thotë Jonathan Caulkins, profesor në Universitetin Carnegie Mellon.
Madje, kontrabanda e drogës do të shtohet, parashikon Profesor Caulkins, duke shtuar se të ardhurat nga kanabisi vijnë përmes kontrabandës, jo prej kultivimit:
“Kultivimi nuk paraqet problem. Marijuana është bimë: në vend që të kultivosh domate, kultivon marijuana, me ndonjë ndryshim të vogël. Marijuana është bimë me fitim të madh sepse shitet në treg të zi. Këtë treg e gjejnë trafikantët, që shesin produktin e fermerëve jashtë shteti përmes kontrabandës. Pra rrjetet kriminale do të vazhdojnë të rendin pas këtij fitimi,” thotë zoti Caulkins.
Përvoja e legalizimit të aktiviteteve të tjera të paligjshme ka treguar se rrjetet kriminale reagojnë me shpejtësi për t’iu përshtatur realitetit të ri, thotë Hanna Kassab, profesor në Unversitetin e Karolinës Lindore. Ai sjell si shembull legalizimin e prostitucionin në Amsterdam:
“Në zonën e tregtisë së seksit në Amserdam, krimi është rritur. Prostitucioni i ligjshëm ka tërhequr trafikantë të qenieve njerëzore të cilët sjellin vajza nga Rusia, nga Evropa Lindore”.
Grupet kriminale, thotë profesor Kassab, mund të ndjekin praktikën e “gjobave” duke kërcënuar e zhvatur para nga kultivues të ligjshëm.
Pavarësisht nga masat që merr Shqipëria, thonë ekspertët, kultivimi i marijuanës do të vazhdojë të ushqejë aktivitetin e paligjshëm për sa kohë që marijuana medicinale mbetet e paligjshme në vende të tjera:
"The only thing worse than a complete ban on an activity is to create a small island where this activity is legalized. This creates opportunities for lower cost production as it is legal and increases the amount for smuggling and export. " Only if it is legalized across Europe will the potential for profit from illegal trafficking be reduced, " says Professor Caulkins.
Experts stress that legalization for economic gain or the fight against crime is not an argument based on world experience to date.
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