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The Congress of Lushnja brought about the independence of Albania
By Ekrem Spahiu
(On the occasion of the 105th anniversary)
After nearly 8 years of question marks over its existence since the founding of the Albanian state, Albania needed a rescue institution. Moreover, as a European state, it had to be oriented towards European institutions, otherwise it would remain foreign to Europe. The national will demanded that this rescue and orientation institution be the Congress of Lushnja.
The declaration of independence of Albania in 1912 is the most significant development in the history of the Albanian nation, because it constitutes the resolution of the vital issue of the fate of the nation's further existence through the act of independence and the creation of the state as an instrument of its power and representation.
A Europe shaped mostly on geopolitical balances and less on values would leave Albania not only halved, but also suspected of being self-governing. Therefore, it would entrust its governance to a foreigner, a German, whose government would not escape the merciless turmoil of World War I.
In these confusions, the secret Treaty of London of 1915 would seal the annihilation of even that
half-formed Albania that remained.
In these circumstances, national intuition would be reawakened. The Durrës Congress of 1918 would be an attempt to embody this nerve of the nation, reaffirming the state, albeit with truncated representation.
A country of values like the USA and its visionary President Wilson, at the 1919 Peace Conference in Paris would become the shield of small nations, including the Albanian nation.
However, like every nation, the Albanians had to take their own destinies into their own hands and this hour came at the Lushnja Congress, which was held on January 21, 1920.
The Congress of Lushnja reunited signatories of independence, well-known names of the national elite, of traditional Albanian patriotism, religious and intellectuals from all parts of Albania: Sulejman Delvina, Iljaz Vrioni, Abdi Toptani, Ndoc Çoba, Aqif Pashë Elbasani, Luigj Bumçi, Mehmet Konica, Dr. Turtulli, Hoxhë Kadria, Sotir Peci, Ali Riza Kolonja, Eshref Frashëri, Idhomene Kosturi, etc. On this broad representative basis, in the wake of the decisions of the Assembly of Vlora, the decision of the Conference of Ambassadors of 1913 and the internationally defined status for the governance of the Albanian state by Prince Vidi, the Congress reconfirmed the continuity of the form of the regime.
Until the issue of the king was resolved, it was decided to create a “High Council.” This Council would represent the head of the Albanian state until this, as well as the form of the regime, were determined through the convening of a
constitutional assembly.
Me krijimin dhe përbërjen e Këshillit të Naltë, kongresi përcolli mesazhin e gjithëpërfshirjes - një kriter ky i domosdoshëm për një qeverisje legjitime.
Paralelisht, Kongresi zgjodhi edhe një Këshill Kombëtar, (i cili u quajt edhe senat), i përbërë prej 37 antarësh me atributet e parlamentit. Nisur nga fakti që ky Këshill plotësonte funksionet e parlamentit, me të drejtë vlerësohet se me këtë zhvillim historik fillon edhe historia e parlamentarizmit në Shqipëri.
Kongresi zgjodhi qeverinë e re të kryesuar nga Sulejman Delvina, në përbërje të së cilës përfshihen Ministria e Brendshme, Ministria e Luftës dhe një sërë ministrish të tjera të domosdoshme për një qevrisje të kohës, si institucione bazë për realizimin e politikave të qeverisë, duke i dhënë kështu kuptim atributit shtetëror të sigurisë së brendshme dhe të
jashtme.
Kongresi i Lushnjës hodhi bazat e sigurta për një qeverisje përfaqësuese të spektrit kombëtar, e dalë vetëm nga organet legjitime të popullit shqiptar dhe me shkallën më të lartë të besueshmërisë. Kongresi e rikonfirmoi Shqipërinë plotësisht nën juridiksionin e vet politik dhe administrativ, duke hedhur një hap vendimtar për sigurinë e zbatimit të politikave të
vendosura prej tij.
Ndër vendimet kryesore të Kongresit ishte edhe hartimi edhe miratimi i një dokumenti (Statuti i Lushnjës), për funksionimin e Këshillit të Naltë dhe pushteteve të tjera. Nisur nga gjerësia dhe përmbajtja e këtij Statuti, mund të thuhet se ai përbën kushtetutën e parë të shtetit shqiptar. Shpallja në atë Statut e Tiranës si kryeqytet, përbën një dimension të ri
qeverisjes së shtetit shqiptar, në ndryshim nga paraardhësit, të cilët konsideronin të tillë rezidencën e vet.
Qeveria e dalë nga Kongresi i Lushnjës i kushtoi vëmendjen e duhur pranimit të Shqipërisë në Lidhjen e Kombeve. Më 12 tetor 1920 u dorëzua kërkesa zyrtare. Asambleja e Përgjithshme e Lidhjes së Kombeve e pranoi Shqipërinë më 17 dhjetor 1920 si antare të Lidhjes.
Ky pranim kishte një rëndësi të dyfishtë, sepse me të ripohohej njohja ndërkombëtare e shtetit shqiptar dhe së dyti, pranimi përbënte aktin zyrtar të njohjes së qeverisë së Tiranës nga ndërkombëtarët.
Një Kongres vizionar si Kongresi i Lushnjës do të mendonte strategjikisht edhe për kryeqytetin e vendit, prandaj, mbi këtë bazë, vendosi Tiranën për kryeqytet të Shqipërisë.
Mendimet që shfaqën disa delegatë, për të qëndruar në qytetin e Lushnjes deri sa të stabilizohej disi situata anarkike e krijuar nga qeveria e Durrësit, i kundërshtoi hapur Ministri i Brendshëm Ahmet Zogu, i cili iu drejtua delegatëve: “Vendimet e Kongresit do të zbatohen domosdo dhe pa vonesë.
This requires courage and work, that is why I am leaving for Tirana”. He overcame the obstacles that arose with courage, bravery and persistence: “I do not know any other authority, except the Congress of Lushnja”.
Both the delegates of the National Assembly of Lushnja, as well as the government that emerged from that Congress, were aware of the difficult tasks that awaited them, but they were determined to face all difficulties. For this, the unification of all national factors was necessary. Therefore, in the capacity of a Minister, namely the Chairman of the “Defense of Kosovo” Committee, Hoxhë Kadria (Prishtina), was chosen to be from Kosovo.
Based on historical criteria, it is estimated that the Congress of Lushnja brought Albania's independence into being and laid the foundation stone of parliamentarism, as a political feature that, in addition to geography, would also bring Albania closer institutionally to the continent to which it belongs.
The Congress reconfirmed national identity and created a new political and historical reality for the Albanian people. It formalized the constitutional continuity of the Albanian state, which would be the foundation of its stability in the years and events that followed.
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