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Merit or geopolitical moment? EWB: Corruption and justice will decide Albania's European fate

The government has been sharply criticized by the opposition for its alleged efforts to restrict the work of the Special Structure Against Corruption and Organized Crime (SPAK), especially after the Parliament refused to lift the immunity of Belinda Balluku, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Infrastructure, to allow her arrest. Balluku is accused of manipulating public tenders and embezzling funds.
European Western Balkans writes that according to political analyst Afrim Krasniqi, the decision of Prime Minister Edi Rama's majority to not allow the investigation into Balluk was for several months a serious obstacle for EU member states to agree on the adoption of the IBAR report.
"The issue continues to remain at the top of the list of priorities for monitoring and political pressure from the main EU member states on Albania. Moving to the next phase of the process is not expected to have a major positive impact, especially on the domestic level. In Tirana, the integration process is being treated mainly as a matter of the ruling elites. Society and the public have been largely left out of information, consultation and preparation. The ruling elites know that Albania will one day join the EU and want to take credit for this achievement. When there are failures, the responsibility is usually charged to the opposition or a critical state within the EU ," Krasniqi assesses.
According to researcher Blerjana Bino, receiving IBAR is “a combination of merit and political momentum,” as Albania “has clearly invested considerable institutional and political energy in the review process and in meeting the required criteria, through legal and regulatory changes, as well as through a broad political consensus between the majority and the opposition on the path towards the EU.”
“At the same time, IBAR was neither automatic nor easy to secure. The process started earlier, but member states took time to decide, especially after political developments in Albania that raised concerns about the rule of law and parliamentary accountability. The fact that the final wording is stronger and clearer than previous versions shows that member states wanted to maintain pressure on the independence of the judiciary, the fight against corruption, media freedom, parliamentary oversight and the fundamental reform agenda. This reflects Albania’s progress, but also the EU’s renewed strategic interest in the Western Balkans,” says Bino.
Researcher Fjona Merkaj also believes that Albania's progress in the European integration process is the result of a combination of real merit and favorable political circumstances.
“Nga njëra anë, Shqipëria ka bërë përparime të rëndësishme, veçanërisht përmes procesit të vettingut në drejtësi, i cili çoi në largimin e gjyqtarëve dhe prokurorëve të korruptuar. Vendi ka përfunduar me shpejtësi hapjen e gjashtë grup-kapitujve të negociatave dhe ka treguar përputhje me politikën e jashtme të BE-së, përfshirë zbatimin e sanksioneve ndaj Rusisë.
Nga ana tjetër, dinamika politike ka luajtur gjithashtu rol. Ndryshimet gjeopolitike pas pushtimit rus të Ukrainës kanë rritur fokusin e BE-së te zgjerimi, duke favorizuar vendet e Ballkanit Perëndimor, përfshirë Shqipërinë”, thekson Merkaj.
Ajo shton se kryeministri Rama “ka kultivuar në mënyrë strategjike marrëdhënie me liderët kryesorë të BE-së, duke forcuar më tej pozicionin e Shqipërisë gjatë kësaj periudhe të favorshme politike”.
Çfarë duhet të bëjë Tirana për të përmbushur afatin e synuar për anëtarësimin në BE?
Pasi ka hapur të gjithë grup-kapitujt e negociatave dhe synon t’i përfundojë bisedimet e anëtarësimit deri në vitin 2027, Shqipëria është shfaqur si një nga vendet kandidate që po ecën më shpejt drejt BE-së. Megjithatë, për të arritur këtë objektiv, vendi duhet të zbatojë reforma të thella në disa fusha kyçe.
“Pika kryesore është se përafrimi me legjislacionin e BE-së nuk është e njëjta gjë me demokratizimin real në praktikë. Miratimi i ligjeve është i domosdoshëm, por nuk përkthehet automatikisht në institucione më të forta, qeverisje më të përgjegjshme, drejtësi të pavarur, liri mediatike apo mbrojtje më të mirë të të drejtave të qytetarëve. Faza e ardhshme do të jetë më sfiduese. Shqipëria duhet të tregojë zbatim të qëndrueshëm të reformave dhe jo vetëm përputhje formale”, nënvizon Bino.
Ajo sqaron se sfidat kryesore do të jenë: garantimi i pavarësisë së gjyqësorit; lufta kundër korrupsionit dhe krimit të organizuar; forcimi i mbikëqyrjes parlamentare; mbrojtja e lirisë së medias; përmirësimi i integritetit zgjedhor; dhe bërja e reformave të prekshme në jetën e përditshme të qytetarëve.
“Shqipëria duhet të përfitojë nga ky moment i favorshëm i zgjerimit, por testi i vërtetë është nëse përshpejtimi drejt BE-së do të shoqërohet edhe me përshpejtimin e demokratizimit brenda vendit”, përfundon ajo.
Sipas Krasniqit, “problemi kryesor mbetet hendeku mes miratimit të ligjeve dhe vendimeve të reja, nga njëra anë, dhe zbatimit real e të qëndrueshëm të tyre, nga ana tjetër”.
“Pa garanci të qarta se reformat do të zbatohen plotësisht dhe në mënyrë të barabartë, procesi rrezikon të mbetet kryesisht teknik dhe deklarativ. Kjo e bën gjithnjë e më të vështirë arritjen e objektivit për mbylljen e kapitujve deri në vitin 2027 dhe anëtarësimin në BE deri në vitin 2030.
The dominant hope in Tirana is that the EU needs a success story and a geopolitical shift, while Albania is in a favorable position to benefit. The argument is that Albania has no ethnic, border or religious conflicts and no significant influence from third countries. It may sound like excessive optimism, but in Tirana many people really believe in this scenario ,” he says.
Even Merkaj agrees that Albania faces some major challenges on the path to EU membership.
"First and foremost, the sustainability of the justice reform remains a challenge. Although the vetting process has brought results, political influence in the judicial system continues to exist and requires continued attention, especially given the current shortage of judges."
"Corruption and organized crime remain ongoing concerns. Although anti-corruption measures have been taken and progress has been achieved in some areas, systemic corruption continues to pose a major obstacle ," she warns.
Merkaj also emphasizes that Albania must accelerate approximation to European standards in the fields of environment, agriculture and regional development, especially within Cluster 5.
“This means adopting and implementing rigorous EU standards for environmental protection, agriculture and regional development, a process that requires technical expertise and long-term commitment,” she concludes.
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