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Young people leave Albania in search of a more sustainable future
Sitting on the terrace of a café on a quiet tree-lined street in Tirana, Çeljeta Mema puts her phone aside and looks around.
This cafe is one of her favorite places to meet her friends, something she is trying to do as often as possible during her visit to the country.
For Mema, the desire to emigrate from Albania arose after she completed her studies in finance at the University of Tirana and started working with a salary of 700 euros per month. She soon began to question the quality of the education she received and doubt whether she would ever be able to earn a decent salary.
“I studied hard to pass the exams. When I started working, I realized I didn’t know anything,” she said. “It’s not just a question of quality, but also the fact that after you graduate, there aren’t many jobs available and many positions pay very little.”
Last year, at the age of 22, Mema moved to Germany, where she is now pursuing a master’s degree in retail and consumer management. According to the Albanian Institute of Statistics, INSTAT, between 2012 and 2022, Albania lost over 220,000 citizens through emigration. Recently, the profile of emigrants has changed, with educated Albanians like Mema joining the traditional wave of emigrants who were mainly engaged in manual labor.
Mema says she misses her family, friends and coffee in Tirana. “It has a different taste and I love it,” she told BIRN. But the opportunity to plan for the future was more important.
“Emigration is, from a professional perspective, about having a good, stable career and good finances,” said Gilda Hoxha, a political science professor at the Mediterranean University of Albania. “In Europe you can plan five years ahead; in Albania you can’t do that.”
To leave and then return
Depopulation is visible throughout Albania, except in the capital. In Vlora, the country's third-largest city, 37-year-old construction worker Aulon Harizaj says he is planning to move north to the Nordic countries.
As a builder, he currently works between 50 and 60 hours a week, earning more than 2,000 euros a month. However, Harizaj feels that Vlora has little to offer in terms of culture and his professional development is limited.
Explaining his reasons for wanting to leave, Harizaj told BIRN: “The main reason is the professional culture and the entrepreneurial culture. I would stay there for five to ten years, long enough to sharpen my skills and then bring them here and create something in my own country.”
This doesn't mean he won't come back.
“Jam shumë i lidhur me këtë vend”, tha ai. “Me detin, me malet, me gjuhën dhe me ushqimin, dhe mendoj se është mëkat ta kaloj pjesën tjetër të jetës larg prej kësaj.”
“Duhet t’ia nisësh nga zeroja”
Më shumë se një e katërta e shqiptarëve të moshës 15 deri në 29 vjeç ishin jashtë punësimit, arsimit apo trajnimit në vitin 2022 – më shumë se dyfishi i mesatares së Bashkimit Evropian prej 11.7 për qind. Shumë përfundojnë duke u shpërngulur në Tiranë, ku perspektivat janë më të mira.
“Nëse gjej një punë të mirë me një pagë të mirë, nuk do të kem nevojë të largohem nga vendi”, tha 20-vjeçarja Anisa Culani, e cila u zhvendos në kryeqytet për të studiuar juridik.
“Nuk është e lehtë të largohesh nga vendi”, tha Culani për BIRN. “Duhet t’ia nisësh nga zeroja, kur nuk ke njerëz që njeh apo familjen tënde.”
Nëse një ditë Shqipëria do të bëhej pjesë e BE-së, Culani tha se ndoshta do ta rimendonte vendimin, duke qenë se do të ishte më e lirë të lëvizte dhe të gjente punë brenda bllokut.
“Kur Shqipëria të jetë në BE, besueshmëria e institucioneve dhe ajo që bën profesionalisht do të vlerësohet njësoj si në vendet e tjera të tregut të punës evropian”, tha Hoxha nga Universiteti Mesdhetar.
Megjithatë, Ilir Kalemaj, pedagog i shkencave politike në Universitetin e Nju Jorkut në Tiranë, tha për BIRN: “Nuk mendoj se do të ketë një rritje të madhe të emigracionit, nëse Shqipëria hyn në BE.”
“Nëse sheh të dhënat, shumë nga ata që kanë dashur të emigrojnë, tashmë e kanë bërë.”
Të lidhësh të rinjtë me punën
Jona Dundo, menaxhere e programit EU4Youth, i financuar nga BE-ja dhe i zbatuar nga UNICEF dhe UNDP, tha se Shqipëria nuk është e vetme në rajon që përballet me vështirësi për t’u ofruar të rinjve mundësi punësimi, një faktor që ndikon në emigracionin.
“Të gjitha vendet e Ballkanit Perëndimor kanë problem me sistemimin e të rinjve, prandaj gjetja e vendeve të punës cilësore për ta me paga dhe kushte të mira është gjëja kryesore që po përpiqet të zgjidhë garancia e BE-së”, tha Dundo.
Duke nisur nga viti 2024, skema EU4Youth synon të përmirësojë punësimin dhe integrimin social të të rinjve shqiptarë që nuk janë në punë, arsim apo trajnim.
Dundo theksoi se shumë të rinj shqiptarë përballen me “presionin kulturor” për të marrë një diplomë universitare, ndërkohë që ekonomia po orientohet gjithnjë e më shumë drejt sektorit të turizmit që është në rritje.
Çështje e paadresuar
Emigrimi i të rinjve është një faktor kontribuues në ndryshimet e shpejta demografike, me moshën mesatare në Shqipëri që është rritur nga 35.3 vjeç në vitin 2011 në 42.5 në vitin 2023.
Në këtë drejtim, qeveria e kryeministrit Edi Rama argumenton se Shqipëria nuk ndryshon nga fqinjët e saj në rajon.
Hoxha, megjithatë, thotë se qeveria do të duhet ta adresojë çështjen e emigracionit, me investime në infrastrukturë, arsim dhe shëndetësi për ta bërë Shqipërinë më tërheqëse për ata që jetojnë këtu. Ajo gjithashtu përmendi nevojën për të barazuar mundësitë mes zonave urbane dhe rurale
"Even now it's not being publicly articulated as a problem, but I think it will be very soon, because the population is rapidly decreasing and people are worried about mass immigration."
Kalemaj added: "There are many cities where only the elderly are left, but of course, in Tirana the picture is the opposite. There are many young people because everyone either goes to Tirana or abroad."
Like Harizaj and Culani, Mema says she loves her country very much. But if she had children, she said she would only raise them in Albania if the situation changed significantly.
“I had a good life here,” Mema said. “But people always want more and want to have a better future.”/ BIRN
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