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Makinën plot me d*ogë, vihen në pranga dy persona në aksin “Mamurras-Kashar”
There are many reasons to learn a new language. It could be for work, a love interest, or a personal interest in the culture or people of a region. Research shows that learning languages also benefits your overall brain health.
Learning a new language is like training your brain. Just as muscles become stronger with physical exercise, the neural pathways in your brain are reshaped when you learn a new language.
This is what neuroscientists mean when they say that people who speak multiple languages process information differently than those who speak only one. But what really happens in the brain when you learn a new language, and does it make you smarter?
What are the language areas of the brain?
Before we move on to these questions, here's some basic information about how language requires many different parts of the brain.
Language processing involves two main circuits – one for the perception and production of sound, which forms the foundation of language, and another for selecting which language sounds to use, said Arturo Hernandez, a neuroscientist at the University of Houston, US.
"These circuits reconnect as we learn and switch from one language to another. It's about mapping sounds and deciding which language we're going to operate in," Hernandez told DW.
We need sensory areas like the auditory cortex to process speech sounds, and we need the brain's extensive motor networks to coordinate the muscles involved in speech, such as those for controlling the tongue, lips, and vocal cords.
This is true for all languages, but changes in the 'higher processing' areas of the brain are necessary to learn a new language.
For example, Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is primarily responsible for syntax - the way we structure sentences. It helps in constructing grammatically correct sentences and understanding sentence structure.
Broca's area is also key to speech production and facilitates the motor control needed to articulate words. Other brain regions such as Wernicke's area play an important role in vocabulary comprehension and word retrieval. It helps in understanding the meaning of words and storing them in long-term memory.
How does a new language physically change the brain?
A German study in 2024 measured the brain activity of Syrian refugees before, during, and after they learned the German language.
He found that people's brains rewired as they became more proficient in German.
'Brain rewiring' means that the neuronal structures of the brain have physically changed. This process – called neuroplasticity – is the mechanism underlying learning.
Prandaj, të mësuarit e një gjuhe të re kërkonte mënyra të reja që truri i pjesëmarrësve të kodonte, ruante dhe merrte informacione të reja gjuhësore.
“Strukturisht, [të mësuarit e një gjuhe] rrit strukturën e lëndës gri në fushat që lidhen me përpunimin e gjuhës dhe funksionin ekzekutiv”, tha Jennifer Wittmeyer, një neuroshkencëtare njohëse në Kolegjin Elizabethtown në Pensilvani, SHBA.
Ndryshimet strukturore në tru ndryshojnë gjithashtu mënyrën se si funksionon truri, pasi ndryshon fizikisht mënyrën se si komunikojnë neuronet. Ky i ashtuquajtur ‘plasticitet neuronal’ ju ndihmon të mbani mend fjalët më shpejt, të njihni më mirë tingujt e rinj dhe të përmirësoni shqiptimin duke kontrolluar muskujt e gojës.
“Funksionalisht, [mësimi i gjuhës] rrit lidhjen midis rajoneve të trurit, duke lejuar komunikim më efikas midis rrjeteve të përfshira në vëmendje, kujtesë dhe kontroll kognitiv”, tha Wittmeyer për DW.
Pse të mësuarit e gjuhëve si fëmijë është një avantazh?
Studimet tregojnë se ne përdorim të njëjtat rrjete të trurit për të gjitha gjuhët, por truri reagon ndryshe ndaj gjuhës sonë amtare. Një studim zbuloi se aktiviteti i trurit në rrjetet gjuhësore në fakt ulet kur pjesëmarrësit dëgjojnë gjuhën e tyre amtare.
Kjo sugjeron që gjuha e parë që mësoni përpunohet ndryshe në tru me përpjekje minimale, thonë studiuesit.
Hulumtimet gjithashtu tregojnë se është shumë më e lehtë për fëmijët e vegjël të mësojnë gjuhë të reja sesa për të rriturit.
Truri i fëmijëve të vegjël është ende në zhvillim dhe është më i adaptueshëm ndaj plasticitetit dhe të mësuarit nervor. Ndryshe nga të rriturit, ata nuk kanë nevojë të përkthejnë nga gjuha e tyre e parë, kështu që ata i mësojnë tingujt, gramatikën dhe fjalët më lehtë.
“Në një moshë të re nuk ka aq shumë ngurtësi në tru. Truri i të rriturve është tashmë i strukturuar rreth gjuhës së tyre të parë, kështu që një gjuhë e dytë duhet të përshtatet me njohuritë ekzistuese në vend që të zhvillohet në mënyrë të pavarur pasi mbështetet në rrjetet nervore të krijuara më parë”, tha Hernandez.
A të bën të mësuarit e një gjuhe më të zgjuar?
Disa studime tregojnë se shumëgjuhësia përmirëson aftësitë njohëse si kujtesën dhe aftësitë e zgjidhjes së problemeve. Por a do të thotë kjo që poliglotët janë më të zgjuar.
Është e komplikuar, por ndoshta jo, tha Hernandez. “Nëse dikush flet më shumë se një gjuhë, kjo rrit repertorin e tij verbal. Ata kanë më shumë fjalë në të gjitha gjuhët, më shumë artikuj, domosdoshmërisht më shumë koncepte,” tha Hernandez.
Por është e paqartë nëse të kesh një fjalor më të madh është për shkak të një rezerve më të madhe njohëse apo thjesht të kesh më shumë fjalë të ruajtura në bankat e kujtesës së trurit. Dhe kjo nuk është e njëjta gjë me inteligjencën.
Për të testuar vërtet nëse poliglotët janë më inteligjentë, shkencëtarët do të duhet të “gjejnë një detyrë që nuk lidhet me gjuhën,” tha Hernandez.
Deri më tani, provat nuk janë shumë të qarta se poliglotët performojnë më mirë në detyra që nuk lidhen me gjuhët.
And scientists aren't sure whether the differences in cognitive abilities in polyglots are due to language learning, or to other factors like education or the environment they grew up in. There are too many factors involved in cognitive abilities to isolate them to a single factor like language learning, the researchers say.
But whether better cognitive skills equal intelligence, it's clear that learning new languages opens up new cultural experiences in your life./DW
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