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How did the euro "lose" in Albania? Construction and informal money changed the foreign exchange market

The euro has been on a sharp decline in the country, starting at the end of 2016. In 2015, the common currency was exchanged for an average of almost 140 lek.
In 2016, it dropped to 137.4 lek. Since then, the depreciation of the euro has not stopped, reaching 119 lek in 2022 and 100.7 lek in 2024.
In 2025, the euro fell below the 100 lek mark for the first time, with an annual average of 97.8 lek. The depreciation has continued at a slower pace this year, with an average from January 1 to July 17 of 95.6 lek.
But what are the factors that caused the euro to lose 20 lek from 2015 to 2022 (15% depreciation), 40 lek from 2015 to 2024 (28% depreciation) and 42 lek (-30%) in a decade (from 2015 to 2025).
From the processing of official data by Monitor and conversations with market operators, it results that there were two main reasons that explain this decline in the euro.
1. Construction permits and course
First, at least until 2024, the main explanation is related to the construction boom in the country. Construction has taken on greater proportions in recent years, as evidenced by the high level of total construction permits issued, which reached a record 2.1 - 2.7 million square meters in 2021 - 2024.
The first graph shows the inverse relationship between the increase in the area of building permits and the depreciation of the common currency for the period 2015 - 2024.
For 2025, such a comparison is impossible as INSTAT is unable to fully calculate the area of construction permits, as for buildings over 7 floors, they are no longer issued by the Municipalities, but by the Territorial Regulation Council, which does not report the data at all.
But indirect data from infrastructure impact tax revenues show that 2025 saw a slight decrease in construction area, but it increased significantly in the first 5 months of 2026.
According to official data from the Ministry of Finance, for the first 5 months, 15.3 billion lek were collected from the infrastructure impact tax, while in the best year, 2024, collections from this tax were 18 billion lek for the entire year, or the same as in 2025 (in 2025, revenues from this item were 16.3 billion lek, with a decrease of 11% from 2024).
Based on this data, it is indirectly calculated that only for the first 5 months of 2026, about 2 million square meters of construction could have been granted, which is expected to begin to become visible in the coming years. From an observation in Tirana, it is clear that what is currently being built are permits granted mainly in 2025.
Hetimet e SPAK zyrtarizuan faktin se sa lehtë ka hyrë paraja informale në ndërtim, edhe me skemat më elementare, siç është transporti i cash-it me kamion.
Kompania që SPAK vuri në hetim për lidhje me grupe kriminale dhe pastrimin e parave, Nova Constraction, i rrit të ardhurat nga 181 milionë lekë në 2017-n, në 4 miliardë lekë në 2024-n, duke u bërë brenda pak vitesh operatori më i madh për ndërtimet rezidenciale, sipas të dhënave nga Qendra Kombëtare e Biznesit, që publikon bilancet.
Në vitin 2024, kompania kishte detyrime prej 6 miliardë lekë dhe një kapital prej 1 miliardë lekësh. Raporti i detyrimeve ndaj kapitalit ishte rreth 6 me 1, që do të thotë se për çdo 1 lek kapital të vet, kompania kishte rreth 6 lekë detyrime dhe se zgjerimi i aktivitetit ishte mbështetur kryesisht te financimet nga palët e treta, jo te fondet e aksionerëve.
Nova raportonte në detyrimet afatgjata 3.6 miliardë lekë detyrime ndaj palëve të treta dhe asnjë kredi afatgjatë dhe në detyrimet afatshkurtra 2.65 miliardë lekë të pagueshme për aktivitetin e shfrytëzimit dhe sërish asnjë kredi.
Këto të dhëna tregojnë se kompania nuk e kishte mbështetur zgjerimin e saj te financimi bankar klasik. Burimi kryesor i financimit rezulton të ketë qenë borxhi ndaj palëve të treta, furnitorëve, klientëve ose subjekteve të lidhura me aktivitetin, në varësi të përbërjes së detajuar të këtyre zërave.
Bankat zakonisht preferojnë që detyrimet të mos jenë më shumë se dy deri në tri herë kapitali, megjithëse kufiri ndryshon sipas sektorit dhe flukseve të kompanisë. Raporti 6 me 1 i Nova Construction sinjalizon një nivel të lartë të levës financiare.
Në ndërtimin rezidencial, detyrimet ndaj palëve të treta përgjithësisht të përfshijnë edhe parapagimet e klientëve, financime nga ortakët, detyrime ndaj kompanive të lidhura, kontraktorëve dhe furnitorëve, që mundëson kanalizimin me lehtësi të parasë informale në ndërtim.
2.Të ashtuquajturat fondamente shpjegojnë pjesërisht forcimin e euros nga 2024-a
Faktori i dytë që ndikon kursin e këmbimit janë të ashtuquajturat fondamente, që zyrtarisht përmenden shpesh, që kanë ndikuar në forcimin e Lekut. Këto nënkutjnë një përmirësim të deficitit të llogarisë korente, që vjen si rrjedhojë e përmirësimit të ekonomisë reale.
Llogaria korrente mat diferencën mes valutës që hyn dhe asaj që del nga vendi përmes tregtisë së mallrave e shërbimeve, të ardhurave nga puna dhe investimet, bilancin e udhëtimeve, si dhe transfertave nga emigrantët.
Vendi ka qenë gjithmonë me deficit negativ të llogarisë korente, që nënkupton që më shumë valutë del nga Shqipëria, sesa hyn, në pjesën kryesore e lidhur me nivelin e lartë të importeve dhe eksportet e ulëta si dhe transferimin e fitimeve nga kompanitë e huaja. Në kahun tjetër, burimet e hyrjes së valutës janë remitancat, të ardhurat nga puna dhe bilanci nga udhëtimet, me turistët që sjellin valutë dhe shqiptarët që e nxjerrin jashtë.
The improvement of this deficit, theoretically, should lead to the strengthening of the domestic currency. But, from 2016 to 2022, the opposite happened. Although the current account deficit worsened (in 2022, a net outflow of 1.1 billion euros from the country, or 37% more than in 2016), so officially more currency left the country, the Euro depreciated by 13% over the same period.
From 2023, the current account deficit began to improve, especially in the third quarter, due to tourist inflows, becoming an additional factor in the decline of the Euro. The current account deficit decreased to 374 million euros in 2023. However, in 2024 it worsened again to 610 million euros, however, the depreciation of the common currency continued. The Euro depreciated by 8 lek in 2024, compared to the previous year, with a decrease of 8%.
In 2025, when the euro fell below 100 lek, the deficit improved significantly, to 178 million euros, being an important factor that influenced the decline of the euro. The main effect in improving the deficit was provided by tourism inflows, with the net travel balance reaching 2.7 billion euros and remittances, at 1.1 billion euros, reflecting the new cycle of emigration to the country.
On the other hand, demand from tourism, rather than boosting domestic production, led to the financing of imports, with the trade deficit reaching a record 5.9 billion euros!/ Monitor
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