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The Ohrid region, which includes Lake Ohrid and the protected areas around it in Albania and North Macedonia, once again avoided inclusion on the List of World Heritage in Danger, but the UNESCO World Heritage Committee assessed that the threats remain serious and gave the two countries five years to implement the recommendations.
According to UNESCO, unauthorized construction, uncontrolled urbanization, damage to the lake shoreline, inadequate wastewater management, and insufficient ecosystem protection remain the main threats to the Ohrid Region.
Arian Merolli, an environmental and world heritage expert, explained to Amfora.al that the new deadline should not be interpreted as a sign that the danger has passed.
"For me personally, this is not a hopeful decision. Since 2020, I have been following the process and I have seen that some of the responsible institutions did not have information about the strategy and rehabilitation plan," he said.
According to him, the strategy adopted by the two countries should have been accompanied by a detailed implementation plan, with clear deadlines and responsibilities for each measure aimed at protecting the lake.
The decision was made at the 48th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Busan, South Korea, where 16 out of 21 member states voted in favor. In addition to postponing the decision to include the region on the List of World Heritage in Danger, UNESCO is demanding that Albania and North Macedonia accelerate the implementation of the recommendations, including removing unauthorized construction, adapting urban plans to the organization's standards, and drafting strategic environmental impact assessments.
UNESCO also urges authorities, particularly in North Macedonia, to expedite the assessment of the impact of unauthorized constructions on the universal value of the region and, where necessary, to demolish them. It also recommends that no new urban or development plans be approved until strategic environmental assessments are completed.
According to audit reports, the Municipality of Ohrid has not approved urban plans for 20 settlements, while no measures have been taken to demolish 4,847 unauthorized constructions, although 456 final decisions were issued during 2019-2024. Unauthorized constructions and structures have also been identified in protected areas.
Merolli says that it is precisely the lack of implementation of the measures that makes the fulfillment of the new obligations uncertain.
“Jam skeptik se sa reale do të jetë gatishmëria e dy shteteve për të zbatuar këto detyrime. Nëse nuk respektohen angazhimet që burojnë nga Konventa e Trashëgimisë Botërore, rajoni rrezikon të humbasë statusin e tij si pasuri botërore”, u shpreh ai.
Përveç ndërtimeve pa leje, vendimi i UNESCO-s kërkon edhe shqyrtimin e alternativave për ndërtimin e Korridorit 8 dhe vlerësimin e ndikimit që projektet infrastrukturore mund të kenë mbi zonën e mbrojtur.
Eksperti ngre shqetësime edhe për mënyrën se si raportohet progresi në zbatimin e rekomandimeve.
“Raportet vjetore nuk pasqyrojnë realitetin në terren dhe nuk trajtojnë në mënyrë profesionale rekomandimet e UNESCO-s apo mënyrën se si duhet të zgjidhen problemet”, tha Merolli.
Paralajmërimet për Rajonin e Ohrit nuk janë të reja. Prej vitesh UNESCO, ekspertët e trashëgimisë dhe organizatat mjedisore kanë ngritur shqetësime për zhvillimin e pakontrolluar, ndërtimet pa leje dhe mungesën e masave efektive për mbrojtjen e ekosistemit.
Në vitin 2023, gjatë një “workshop”-i në Pogradec me gazetarë investigativë, ekspertët paralajmëruan se Shqipëria dhe Maqedonia e Veriut po hasnin vështirësi në zbatimin e rekomandimeve të UNESCO-s dhe se pa ndërhyrje konkrete, rajoni rrezikonte të përfshihej në Listën e Trashëgimisë Botërore në Rrezik.
Një tjetër sinjal alarmi erdhi në fund të vitit 2024, kur raporti i Misionit Reaktiv të Monitorimit të UNESCO-s arriti në përfundimin se keqmenaxhimi dhe mungesa e veprimeve konkrete nga të dy qeveritë po shkaktonin degradim të vazhdueshëm të ekosistemit dhe po rrezikonin humbjen e statusit të Rajonit të Ohrit si Trashëgimi Botërore.
Ekspertët kanë ngritur shqetësime edhe për zhvillimet urbane pranë zonave arkeologjike, duke argumentuar se ndërtimi i objekteve moderne rrezikon të dëmtojë një territor ku janë zbuluar gjurmë të vendbanimeve rreth 8500-vjeçare, të konsideruara ndër më të hershmet në Evropë.
Edhe organizatat mjedisore dhe shoqëria civile kanë paralajmëruar prej vitesh se rekomandimet e UNESCO-s nuk po zbatohen me ritmin e kërkuar. Së fundmi, ato kanë denoncuar uzurpimin e disa plazheve në bregun e Liqenit të Ohrit nga koncesionarë, duke akuzuar komunat dhe inspektoratet për mungesë ndërhyrjeje. UNESCO ka përsëritur vazhdimisht kërkesat për ndalimin e urbanizimit të pakontrolluar, eliminimin e ndërtimeve pa leje, mbrojtjen e vijës bregliqenore, përmirësimin e trajtimit të ujërave të ndotura, ruajtjen e Kënetës së Studençishtës dhe forcimin e koordinimit mes institucioneve të dy vendeve.
Liqeni i Ohrit konsiderohet një nga tre liqenet më të vjetër në botë, me një histori gjeologjike që daton rreth katër milionë vite më parë. Me një thellësi maksimale prej 285 metrash, ai është liqeni më i thellë në Ballkan dhe një nga rezervat më të rëndësishme të biodiversitetit në Evropë, ku jetojnë mbi 200 specie, shumë prej tyre endemike, si korani, që gjenden vetëm në këto ujëra.
For its exceptional natural values, the Macedonian part of the region was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979, while the status was extended in 1980 to include cultural heritage. In July 2019, UNESCO extended this status to the Albanian part of the Ohrid Region, recognizing the lake as a joint world heritage of Albania and North Macedonia./ Amfora.al
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