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What will be the fate of the Law on Languages in North Macedonia?
In a tense political atmosphere, the judges of the Constitutional Court of North Macedonia will convene on Wednesday, December 11, to review the constitutionality of several provisions of the Law on Languages, which was adopted in 2018 and entered into force a year later.
North Macedonia's First Deputy Prime Minister, Izet Mexhiti, who comes from the Albanian coalition VLEN, assured during a press conference on Tuesday that the Law on Languages "will not be affected."
"We, as vlen, said that the law would not be affected, the Constitutional Court confirmed this. A document has been released that neither the Law on Languages nor the official use of the Albanian language will be affected. The Prime Minister and the Head of State said the same," said Mexhiti.
Earlier, last week, Mexhiti announced that Albanian judges on the Constitutional Court would boycott the December 11 session, asserting that "the decision cannot have legitimacy."
"The president has also stated that all judges must participate and if someone is absent, then the decision has no legitimacy," Mexhiti said on December 6.
According to a recently published document, prepared by a constitutional judge, it states that "the Constitutional Court should not initiate the procedure for assessing the constitutionality of the Law on the Use of Languages".
The document emphasizes that the procedure to assess the constitutionality of the law will not begin on December 11, as it is based on the country's Constitution.
"The content of the contested Law on the Use of Languages as a whole has its constitutional basis and justification in Amendment V of the Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia. Therefore, we believe that its constitutionality cannot be questioned either with this amendment, or with Article 51 paragraphs 1 and 2, Article 8 paragraph 1, as stated in the initiative," the document states.
However, the document suggests initiating proceedings on some general formulations and two specific provisions of the law, related to the use of symbols on currency and in court proceedings. This means that Wednesday's hearing will not examine the constitutionality of the entire law, but only some provisions.
The Constitutional Court, for its part, has announced that it will not comment on media coverage, the reliability of published documents, as well as political statements and reactions that come on the eve of the scheduled session.
The Law on the Use of Languages consists of 25 articles.
This law entered parliamentary procedure on September 5, 2017. The then President, Gjorge Ivanov, refused to decree it, arguing that the law was unconstitutional. However, on January 11, 2018, the law was approved with 69 votes in favor, with no votes against or abstentions.
The opposition, led at the time by VMRO-DPMNE, did not participate in the session.
Like President Ivanov, they also described the law as unconstitutional.
Ligji për gjuhët parasheh përdorim të zgjeruar të gjuhës shqipe, dhe e përmend atë në mënyrë specifike në nenin 2.
Ndryshimet kryesore që solli ligji i ri ishin: “përdorimi i gjuhës shqipe edhe në procese gjyqësore, në bankënota dhe në uniforma policore”.
Pas miratimit, ligjiu kundërshtua nga 13 iniciativa të paraqitura nga qytetarë, parti politike dhe shoqata të ndryshme. Mes këtyre, edhe partia më e madhe maqedonase VMRO-DPMNE, e cila në atë kohë ishte në opozitë dhe ishte angazhuar se do të realizonte "korrigjime" pasi të kthehej në pushtet.
Megjithëse kjo parti kontestonte thuajse çdo aspekt, që nga mënyra e miratimit të ligjit deri te përmbajtja e tij.
Tani kryeministri Hristijan Mickoski, i cili vjen nga kjo parti, ka theksuar se "nuk do të ndodhë asgjë" dhe ka siguruar se situata është “nën kontroll".
“I lus bashkëqytetarët shqiptarë, maqedonas të gjithë, të jenë të qetë, e gjithë puna është nën kontroll, gjithçka është nën kontroll të mos lejojmë të biem pre e provokimeve të këtyre njerëzve”, deklaroi të martën Mickoski.
Më herët, ai kishte thënë se nuk po kontestohet i gjithë ligji, por “vetëm dy a tri dispozita”.
Partia shqiptare Bashkimi Demokratik për Integrim (BDI) të cilët po bëjnë “roje” para Gjykatës Kushtetuese, mendojnë të kundërtën.
BDI-ja ka shprehur shqetësim se nëse neni 23, paragrafi 5 i Ligjit për gjuhët abrogohet, atëherë i njëjti mund të bëhet i pazbatueshëm.
Deputeti Arbër Ademi nga BDI-ja të martën tha se "18 dispozita janë në rrezik”.
“Një presje po të ndryshojë pavarsisht kontekstit mund ta zhvlerësoi në tërësi ligjin e lërë më 18 dispozita. Lexojeni Neni 23 paragrafi 5 tentohet të abrogohet është propozim pët tu abrogu, atëherë asnjë institucion nuk do ta zbatojnë ligjin për gjuhën shqipe”, tha Arbër Ademi gjatë një debati në TV21.
"Iniciatorët kundërshtojnë tërësinë e Ligjit nga aspekti i Amendamentit V të Kushtetutës sepse zgjeronte kornizën kushtetuese të dhënë në këtë amendament në lidhje me përdorimin e gjuhëve të komuniteteve jo-shumicë dhe përcaktonte barazinë e një gjuhe tjetër që flitet nga të paktën 20% e qytetarëve, me gjuhën maqedonase dhe alfabetin e saj cirilik si gjuhë zyrtare në të gjithë territorin e Republikës dhe në marrëdhëniet e saj ndërkombëtare", thuhet në raportin përmbledhës të Gjykatës Kushtetuese për atë që është objekt i kundërshtimit të 13 nismave.
Rrjedhimisht, nenet apo pjesët e neneve për të cilat propozohet nisja e procedurës për vlerësimin e kushtetutshmërisë janë gjithashtu pjesë e vërejtjeve të Komisionit të Venecias.
Në vitin 2019, Komisioni i Venecias kishte dhënë vlerësim për Ligjin e Gjuhëve, duke thënë se disa dispozita të tij tejkalonin standardet ndërkombëtare për gjuhët rajonale dhe të pakicave.
Rishikimin e dispozitave për dygjuhësinë në procedurat gjyqësore, duke rekomanduar që këto përcaktime të hiqen ose të kufizohen, për shkak të vështirësive teknike dhe administrative që mund të shkaktojnë.
Measures for the efficient implementation of language requirements, based on the provisions of the previous Law of 2008, to guarantee their applicability without creating confusion, although it, according to legal experts, included a narrow interpretation.
Revising Article 3 of the Law, which provides for the use of the Albanian language in institutional communications and other fields, seeking a clearer definition of the scope of application to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts in practice.
Constitutional experts say that what the court can do on December 11 is to reject the initiative, decide to initiate a procedure for the law or only for some provisions, temporarily suspend its implementation until a final decision is made, or even return it to the Assembly for improvement.
Similar to the 13 aforementioned initiatives, over 250 Albanian intellectuals have signed an open letter, which is addressed to the Constitutional Court to act with professionalism and not with politically motivated decisions, because as they say, "arbitrary decisions can bring serious consequences to interethnic relations."
They recall that the past work of the Constitutional Court has caused "tensions and dissatisfaction, whenever it has made unilateral and arbitrary decisions, which have brought serious consequences to interethnic relations and have violated the national rights of Albanians to equality and justice, realized through institutional channels."
The law on the use of languages has been sitting in the drawers of the Constitutional Court for five years.
The balancer, now largely repealed, and the Language Law were included on the agenda a few months after VMRO-DPMNE took power in North Macedonia./ REL
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