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Security Barometer 2025: Corruption and crime, the main threats for Albanians

In 2025, Albanian citizens feel more insecure due to corruption and organized crime than they do in the face of any military danger or external threat. This is one of the main findings of the 2025 Security Barometer, the national survey that the Center for the Study of Democracy and Governance (CSDG) conducts annually to measure public perceptions of security.
Since its launch in 2019, the Barometer has become a rare reflection of how citizens view the state, institutions, and the risks that surround them. This year's study, conducted in a turbulent global and regional context, clearly shows that for the perception of the Albanian public, the greatest risk does not come from abroad, but from within.
“Since the beginning of measurements in 2019, the sense of security among Albanian citizens has been generally stable, but accompanied by an increase in sensitivity to internal threats. Around 60–70% of citizens continue to feel personally safe, while the perception of institutional security remains more fragile,” says Arjan Dyrmishi, author of the study and Executive Director of CSDG.
Corruption ranks as the biggest national threat, far ahead of any other risk. Next comes organized crime, which is perceived as closely linked to corruption, creating a chain that undermines trust in governance and justice. When the assessments of the main and secondary threats are combined, these two risks far outstrip any other threat, be it military, cyber or environmental. For the public, the risk is not in the borders, but in the system, in the lack of transparency, in weak punishment and in the perception of links between politics and crime.
"Since the first edition, Albanian citizens have perceived internal risks as more important than external ones. So in Albania the enemy is seen within the system: corruption, organized crime, lack of justice," Dyrmishi continues.
Organized crime remains a deep-seated problem that is widely perceived as a permanent threat to security and the economy. The majority of respondents consider it a very serious problem at the national level, although less visible in their local area.
The north and center of the country, especially Shkodra, Elbasan and Lezha, are cited as the most problematic hotbeds of crime. Drug trafficking ranks as the main activity of criminal networks, followed by money laundering and violent crimes. Most citizens believe that cannabis cultivation directly feeds organized crime, although they are divided on whether its legalization would weaken the influence of criminal groups.
Përveç faktorëve ekonomikë si varfëria dhe papunësia, qytetarët identifikojnë tre arsye institucionale që ushqejnë krimin: dënimet e buta, korrupsionin dhe lidhjet e fshehta mes politikës dhe krimit. Këto krijojnë, sipas tyre, një kulturë pandëshkueshmërie që e bën të vështirë ndarjen e pastër mes pushtetit dhe krimit. Krimi i organizuar perceptohet se ndikon negativisht në tregun e lirë, duke shtrembëruar konkurrencën përmes evazionit fiskal, zhvatjes dhe frikësimit.
Një ndër gjetjet më të forta të Barometrit 2025 lidhet me perceptimin e ndërhyrjes së krimit të organizuar në zgjedhjet e 11 majit. Shumica e qytetarëve besojnë se grupet kriminale kanë ndikuar në fushatat e të dyja partive të mëdha, përmes blerjes së votave, financimeve të paligjshme dhe, më rrallë, kërcënimeve direkte. Për rreth një në pesë të anketuar, dikush në rrethin e tyre është kontaktuar për të ndikuar votën, ndërsa një në katër thotë se njeh dikë që e ka shkëmbyer votën për para apo favore.
Burimi kryesor i informacionit për këto ndërhyrje mbeten mediat tradicionale, por rrëfimet personale janë po aq të përhapura, duke treguar se fenomeni nuk perceptohet më si abstrakt, por si realitet i prekshëm. Ndër institucionet, SPAK gëzon besimin më të lartë për rolin e tij në parandalimin e ndërhyrjeve elektorale, ndjekur nga Policia e Shtetit dhe Komisioni Qendror i Zgjedhjeve, ndërsa partitë politike konsiderohen si dueshtimet më të mëdha në këtë drejtim.
Në krahasim me vitet e fundit, shumica e qytetarëve ndihen se prania e krimit të organizuar ka mbetur e pandryshuar ose është rritur. Ligji për Dekriminalizimin shihet si pjesërisht efektiv, por me kufizime të dukshme në zbatimin e tij, sidomos në nivelet lokale dhe qendrore të pushtetit.
“Korrupsioni dhe krimi i organizuar vazhdojnë të perceptohen si kërcënimet më të mëdha. Shkaqet e vazhdueshmërisë së këtij perceptimi janë normalizimi i korrupsionit dhe përhapja strukturore e tij, lidhja midis politikës dhe krimit të organizuar, impakti real që këto kanë në jetën e përditshme, perceptimi i pandëshkueshmërisë dhe shtimi i ndjeshmërisë së publikut pas reformës në drejtësi dhe refromat antikorrupsion në kuadër të antarësimit në BE,” shprehet Dyrmishi.
Ndërkohë, pritshmëritë për reduktimin e ndikimit të krimit janë të ndara mes optimizmit dhe skepticizmit. Krahas SPAK-ut, qytetarët njohin edhe rolin e rëndësishëm të Bashkimit Evropian dhe Shteteve të Bashkuara në mbështetjen e reformave kundër korrupsionit dhe krimit të organizuar.
Një temë që përshkon gjithë raportin është ajo e besimit të ulët në drejtësi dhe nën-raportimit të krimeve. Shumë qytetarë hezitojnë të raportojnë krimet për shkak të frikës nga hakmarrja, mosbesimit te autoritetet dhe mungesës së informacionit ligjor. Dhuna në familje, abuzimet nga zyrtarët dhe krimet e lidhura me pushtetin janë ato që besohet se mbeten më shpesh pa u raportuar.
At the same time, the findings show that Albanians strongly believe in the need for regional cooperation in the face of common threats. Over 80% of respondents agree that the lack of cooperation between Balkan countries harms regional stability. However, optimism remains cautious.
A significant portion of citizens are skeptical that the region can improve the security situation in the near future. The main reason cited is the role of politicians, who are perceived as actors who often incite division and use tensions for domestic political gains. Serbia remains identified as the main threat to Albania's security, while other neighboring countries are generally assessed in a neutral manner.
On the global stage, the West is seen as a security guarantor. The United States and the European Union enjoy almost unanimous support as positive and reliable partners. Russia, by contrast, is largely perceived as a negative actor, while China is viewed with ambivalence, neither a direct threat nor a trusted partner.
The majority of respondents believe that in the coming years the US will remain the most influential power in the world, followed by the EU, China and Russia. At the bilateral level, Italy is mentioned as the country with the closest relations and as a partner that should be prioritized in the future, alongside the US.
“The Security Barometer conveys a clear message to institutions that national security cannot be understood as a purely military concept, but as a direct result of good governance, the functioning of justice and the implementation of the rule of law. Citizens link their sense of security to the quality of institutions and their ability to be honest, transparent and effective,” concludes Dyrmishi, adding that the public demands tangible results and independent institutions in the fight against corruption, as trust is built by real actions and not by political rhetoric, while support for European integration is seen as a guarantee for real reforms. / acqj.al
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