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When Shkodra MP Marjana Koçeku left the Socialist Party parliamentary group and declared support for the anti-government protests, reactions did not only come from political exponents.
On June 15, the newspaper Tema published an opinion piece online signed by "Altin Ketro", arguing that Koçek should also give up her mandate as an MP.
"Morally, she should hand over her mandate," the author wrote, supporting a position expressed in the same period by representatives of the socialist majority.
In the weeks that followed, the same author published a series of commentaries criticizing the anti-government protests, now known as the “Flamingo Revolution.” Under titles such as “The Revolution as a Vicious Circle” and “The Protest That Lost Momentum,” the articles argued that the movement had lost political influence due to a lack of organization, fragmentation, refusal to engage with the government, and demands deemed unachievable.
The content of these opinions themselves would not pose a problem in a pluralistic debate space. However, BIRN was unable to identify the person behind the name “Altin Ketro”. The author is not accompanied by a photograph, biography or any other identifying information, and there appears to be no public trace outside of articles published in the media.
Despite this, “Ketro” has been published for years on some of the most widely read portals in the country, including Tema, Shqiptarja.com and JavaNews. Data collected by BIRN shows that his writings appear since before 2013 and are published mainly during election campaigns or periods of political crisis. In all cases, they maintain a critical line towards the opposition and support positions similar to those of the government.
BIRN identified a similar case in recent months. Another author, who signed himself “Vilant Xhori,” published comments criticizing the opposition and its leader, Sali Berisha, initially in the newspaper Tema and Shqiptarja.com.
As in the case of “Ketro”, BIRN’s research did not identify any public profile, photograph or professional biography that would prove the author’s existence or expertise.
To the average reader, these authors appear as independent commentators. But the lack of any information on their identity makes it impossible to assess their expertise, independence, or potential conflicts of interest that could influence the content of their analyses.
The newspaper's editorial staff did not comment on the reasons for the decision to publish anonymous authors and whether concealing this fact from the reader was against journalistic ethics and the newspaper's editorial responsibility. Bledi Lumani, the newspaper's former long-time editor-in-chief, told BIRN that he did not know who was behind Ketro's name.
“Shkrimet më vinin me email me të njëjtin emër, nuk e di kush qëndron pas tij”, tha ai.
E pyetur nga BIRN, redaksia e Shqiptarja.com pranoi se nuk kishte pasur asnjë kontakt të drejtpërdrejtë me autorët e këtyre shkrimeve dhe se kishte vendosur t’i ribotonte ato nga media të tjera online, pa verifikuar identitetin e autorëve.
“Një opinion mund të botohet edhe në mënyrë anonime, pa cenuar thelbin e mesazhit që ai përcjell. Në rastin konkret, emrat e paraqitur si autorë nga media të tjera online mund të jenë edhe pseudonime, por nuk kemi asnjë konfirmim zyrtar të tillë,” thuhet në përgjigjen me shkrim të redaksisë për BIRN.
Sipas Shqiptarja.com, përgjegjësia editoriale për përmbajtjen e një opinioni mbetet tek autori, edhe kur ai është anonim, pasi, ndryshe nga rubrika “Editorial”, shkrimet e publikuara në rubrikën “Opinion” nuk përfaqësojnë domosdoshmërisht qëndrimin editorial të medias. Redaksia shtoi se kishte vlerësuar se tekstet në fjalë nuk përbënin shkelje të standardeve etike.
Në mbështetje të këtij qëndrimi, Shqiptarja.com iu referua praktikës së përdorimit të pseudonimeve si pjesë e lirisë së shprehjes.
“Nga pikëpamja etike dhe deontologjike, ajo që ka rëndësi është që një opinion të mos i atribuohet një personi real që nuk e ka shkruar tekstin,” thuhet më tej në përgjigjen e saj.
Anonimati në gazetari
Anonimiteti ka një vend të kufizuar në gazetari dhe pranohet vetëm në rrethana të jashtëzakonshme, kur shërben për të mbrojtur burimet ose autorët nga pasoja serioze. Por, sipas ekspertëve të medias, ky parim nuk mund të përdoret për të justifikuar botimin e opinioneve të nënshkruara me identitete të panjohura ose të pa verifikueshme.
“Të publikosh një artikull apo opinion duke mos e njohur fare autorin, madje as duke mos ditur nëse ekziston apo jo ky individ, është në rastin më të mirë një ‘lajthitje profesionale’ dhe papërgjegjshmëri editoriale”, shprehet Elvin Luku, drejtues i Departamentit të Gazetarisë dhe Komunikimit në Universitetin e Tiranës.
Luku thekson se përdorimi i anonimitetit në gazetari është një praktikë e pranuar, por vetëm kur media e njeh identitetin e autorit dhe vendos ta fshehë atë për ta mbrojtur nga pasoja të rënda.
“Kjo ndodh kur informacioni që jepet mund t’i rrezikojë jetën autorit ose kur opinioni që ai shpreh mund t’i kushtojë, për shembull, vendin e punës,” tha ai.
Edhe Blerjana Bino, drejtoreshë e Qendrës për Shkencë dhe Inovacion për Zhvillim (SCiDEV), tha se Kodi i Etikës e lejon anonimitetin vetëm për mbrojtjen e burimeve që mund të dëmtohen nga identifikimi i tyre, jo për publikimin e analizave politike pa autor të identifikueshëm.
Sipas saj, redaksitë mbajnë përgjegjësi për të njohur origjinën e materialeve që publikojnë.
“Pranimi nga redaktorët se këto shkrime publikohen pa ditur kush qëndron pas tyre e kthen faqen e opinionit në një kanal të hapur për komunikim politik të koordinuar, të maskuar si koment i pavarur”, tha Bino për BIRN.
Pasojat në diskursin publik
"Altin Ketro" had been silent for a year, since the May 2025 campaign, before being reactivated with writings against the civic protests of the last month.
The intervals of his engagement in opinion media mainly coincide with election campaigns or political crises, always positioned in the narrative in favor of the ruling majority's positions and critical of the opposition and its actions.
In an article on February 11, 2025, just one day after the arrest of Tirana Mayor Erjon Veliaj, "Ketro" used a defensive tone towards him, urging readers to believe in Veliaj's innocence until the charges are proven.
Unlike "Ketro", who is a veteran opinion writer, BIRN data suggests that another fictional author, "Vilant Xhori", began his activity in April of this year and has published several opinions criticizing Berisha's leadership and the DP.
The activation of these authors during periods of election or political crises, coupled with the lack of transparency over their identity, raises questions about the purpose of these publications and their role and influence on public debate.
In the absence of authorship information, readers are unable to assess either the expertise or potential conflicts of interest that may influence the content of these analyses.
"The purpose of such publications is to bombard and manipulate public opinion, which has neither the time, nor the knowledge, nor the opportunity to verify the existence or credibility of the author," says journalism professor Elvin Luku, adding that "the reader takes it for granted as long as the article has been published in a media outlet, meaning it has passed editorial filters."
For Luku, anonymous authors are used as an instrument to influence public debate in tense political periods.
"Often, in cases of serious political crises, such as the one Albania is currently in, PR apparatuses undertake coordinated campaigns aimed at constructing narratives to confuse or confuse public opinion," he said.
Blerjana Bino believes that the use of pseudonyms is a legitimate practice in journalism, but that its historical function has been to protect those who speak out against the government from its punishment.
According to her, in the cases identified by BIRN, this logic is overturned, creating a false perception of pluralism and undermining public trust in the space for opinion.
“Anonymous people are used to convey certain narratives of those in power, in opposition to the citizens who are protesting,” says Bino./ BIRN
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