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“Enlargement is the priority for the European Union and if our candidates deliver results, then we must deliver results too,” said Enlargement Commissioner Marta Kos at a meeting of EU foreign ministers in Brussels in early May.
As evidence that the EU is moving beyond rhetoric, Kos highlighted the fact that for the first time in 17 years, the bloc in April created a working group to draft the accession treaty for a candidate country: Montenegro.
"There is no clearer signal that the EU sees Montenegro as its future member," Strahinja Subotic, program manager and researcher at the Center for European Policy (CEP) in Belgrade, told DW.
Enlargement: a geopolitical and security issue
Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 brought the issue of enlargement back to the center of European politics, transforming it from a process that had long been technical into a geopolitical and security issue.
“The geopolitical need for enlargement is recognized by all member states,” said Steven Blockmans of the Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS).
"But it is always accompanied by two things: on the one hand, a merit-based approach, where candidate countries are assessed on their reforms and no shortcuts are offered, and secondly, the need for the European Union to change its policies and ways of governance," he told DW.
Is the existing membership model appropriate?
The debate in Brussels is increasingly focusing not only on enlargement itself, but also on whether the traditional membership model is still appropriate.
Commissioner Marta Kos acknowledged that the EU still uses a methodology developed four decades ago.
"What we are discussing now with member states is whether the principles of gradual integration, which we use mainly in the common market, can be extended to other areas, especially in security," she said.
New models for gradual integration into the EU
In a recent proposal for EU enlargement, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz called for the opening of all negotiation chapters with Ukraine and proposed a form of “associated membership,” which would tie Kiev more closely to the EU even before full membership, including greater participation in EU institutions and in foreign and security policy.
At the same time, Merz suggested giving the Western Balkan countries and Moldova privileged access to the EU's single market, observer status in EU bodies, and gradual integration into decision-making processes to accelerate their path to membership. Such ideas have been circulating in Brussels and European capitals for years.
The phased membership model in the EU
Steven Blockmans, një nga autorët e modelit të “anëtarësimit me faza”, i tha DW se elemente të kësaj qasjeje kanë hyrë gradualisht në mendimin kryesor të BE-së përmes Planit të Rritjes për Ballkanin Perëndimor dhe përmes propozimeve nga vende si Franca, Gjermania dhe Lituania.
“Shihen elemente të një qasjeje më të fazuar, ku përfitimet për reformat ofrohen që në fazat e hershme para-anëtarësimit,” tha Blockmans.
Rezistencë ndaj disa propozimeve për Ukrainën
Në të njëjtën kohë, Blockmans theksoi se disa nga propozimet më ambicioze për Ukrainën kanë hasur tashmë rezistencë.
Mes tyre ishte ideja e të ashtuquajturit “zgjerim i kundërt”, e mbështetur nga presidenti ukrainas Volodymyr Zelenskyy dhe pjesë të Komisionit Evropian, sipas së cilës vende si Ukraina do të hynin formalisht fillimisht në BE dhe do të përfundonin reformat më pas. Kjo ide u refuzua shpejt nga shtetet anëtare.
Një ide tabu që nuk është më plotësisht tabu
Propozimi i Merz ka ringjallur gjithashtu një nga pyetjet më të ndjeshme në lidhje me zgjerimin e ardhshëm: sa fuqi vendimmarrëse duhet të kenë shtetet e reja anëtare që nga fillimi, veçanërisht në fusha ku vendimet e BE-së kërkojnë ende unanimitet.
Ky debat ka rikthyer vëmendjen te një nga idetë më të diskutueshme në Bruksel: mundësia për të kufizuar përkohësisht të drejtën e vetos për shtetet e reja anëtare pas anëtarësimit.
Propozimi u zhvillua si pjesë e modelit të anëtarësimit me faza nga studiues të CEPS, përfshirë Steven Blockmans dhe analistin e CEP Strahinja Subotiq.
“Jo një anëtarësim i klasit të dytë”
Sipas Subotiq, qëllimi nuk ishte krijimi i një “anëtarësimi të klasit të dytë”, siç pretendojnë disa kritikë, por sigurimi i shteteve skeptike anëtare, se zgjerimi nuk do ta paralizojë unionin. Ai argumenton se kufizimet mund të jenë të kufizuara si në kohë ashtu edhe në fushëveprim. “Mund të zbatohet vetëm në një ose dy fusha politike dhe jo domosdoshmërisht në të njëjtën mënyrë apo për të njëjtën kohë për çdo vend kandidat,” tha Subotiq.
Nga pikëpamja ligjore, sipas Blockmans, një mekanizëm i tillë mund të përfshihet në traktatet e anëtarësimit. Politikisht, megjithatë, çështja mbetet shumë e ndjeshme, pasi prek sovranitetin dhe të drejtat e barabarta midis shteteve anëtare.
Megjithatë, disa vende të Ballkanit Perëndimor tashmë kanë sinjalizuar hapje ndaj kësaj ideje. Shqipëria, Bosnja dhe Hercegovina dhe Serbia kanë sugjeruar se do të pranonin kufizime të përkohshme të vetos nëse kjo do të ndihmonte në përshpejtimin e anëtarësimit.
Mali i Zi si rast prove
Megjithatë, Mali i Zi nuk dëshiron vonesa apo marrëveshje kalimtare. Analistët thonë, se ka të ngjarë të jetë vendi i fundit që hyn në BE sipas rregullave aktuale të bllokut, përpara se të zhvillohen reforma më të thella institucionale.
Në të njëjtën kohë, si Blockmans ashtu edhe Subotiq besojnë se anëtarësimi i Malit të Zi mund të shërbejë si një terren testimi për disa nga mekanizmat e rinj të zgjerimit që po diskutohen në Bruksel.
Subotic expects the EU to use Montenegro's accession treaty to introduce stronger post-accession monitoring tools than in previous enlargements, especially in areas such as the rule of law and democratic setbacks.
"Montenegro can be expected to become a 'guinea pig' to test the limits of transitional agreements and safeguard clauses," Blockmans told DW, noting that the accession treaty currently being drafted could become a model for future EU enlargements. /DW
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