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More and more armed drones over the Balkans and no one is watching them
Nearly thirty years after the ceasefire in the Western Balkans, new armed drones are quietly patrolling the region, but no one knows their exact number.
The agreement on subregional arms control was signed in 1996 - a year after the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina - under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
It placed restrictions on the number of tanks, armored vehicles, heavy artillery, fighter jets, and attack helicopters in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro.
But, today, this list is conspicuous by its absence of a deadly modern weapon: armed drones.
"Only three countries possessed armed drones in 2010. By the end of 2024, this number had increased to over 40," Antonio Prlenda, a military analyst from Sarajevo who recently defended his master's thesis on the topic, tells Radio Free Europe.
New rules of the war game. Military drones are cheaper, more mobile and more deadly than traditional fighter jets. They have become a favorite weapon in today's conflicts - from Ukraine, through the Caucasus to the Middle East - and everyone wants to have them in their armed forces.
Serbia has purchased attack drones from China, the United Arab Emirates and Israel.
It is also developing domestic models: Pegaz, Vrabac and Komarac, which have filled the skies over this country, after - at least for now - the deal to purchase Bayraktar drones from Turkey failed.
Croatia has purchased six armed Turkish drones and is producing its own deadly mini-drones, which it has exported, among other things, to Ukraine.
According to official statements, with current capacity, this country can produce about half a million mini-drones per year.
Another NATO country, Montenegro, is quietly but steadily increasing its military capabilities. With a limited military budget, it has purchased reconnaissance drones from Slovenia and is investing in the purchase of additional drones intended for border surveillance.
It has also announced that it will produce it itself, in cooperation with the United States. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the modernization of the armed forces is hampered by a limited budget, as well as political divisions.
Apart from helicopters donated by the United States, the country has no other aircraft. Recently, Turkey donated a drone jamming system and promised two Bayraktar drones.
Kosovo - although not part of the arms control agreement - has begun to procure military drones, initially Bayraktars from Turkey.
A mund të rregullohet kjo çështje? Analisti ushtarak nga Sarajeva, Antonio Prlenda, beson se dronët pa pilot duhet të përfshihen ose si një kategori e re, e gjashtë, ose të përfshihen në klasifikimin ekzistues të avionëve luftarakë.
“Megjithatë, këto propozime janë bllokuar, sepse, për momentin, nuk ka vullnet politik nga ana e nënshkruesve për ta bërë një gjë të tillë”, thotë Prlenda për Radion Evropa e Lirë.
Në vitin 2015, Bosnje e Hercegovina, Mali i Zi, Kroacia dhe Serbia kanë marrë përsipër përgjegjësinë për zbatimin e marrëveshjes nga Organizata për Siguri dhe Bashkëpunim në Evropë (OSBE), e cila deri atëherë e ka mbikëqyrur zbatimin e saj.
“Që nga ajo kohë e këndej, presioni i drejtpërdrejtë nga faktori ndërkombëtar mbi zbatimin dhe ndryshimet e mundshme, nuk është më i mundur. Që nga ajo kohë e këndej, ajo varet vetëm nga vullneti politik i vetë nënshkruesve”, thotë Prlenda. Çdo blerje e pajisjeve ushtarake në rajon perceptohet nga njerëzit si një garë armatimesh, dhe ky shqetësim përkeqësohet edhe nga deklaratat e politikanëve udhëheqës.
Pasi Kroacia nënshkroi një kontratë për të blerë avionë luftarakë francezë, Rafale, për të zëvendësuar MIG-ët sovjetikë, një gjë e tillë bëri bujë në rajon. Serbia u përgjigj duke blerë të njëjtit avionë.
Edhe pse të gjitha vendet janë shumë më poshtë numrit maksimal të ushtarëve dhe armatimit të rëndë, të dakorduar rreth tridhjetë vjet më parë, balanca e forcave ka ndryshuar më së shumti në lidhje me dronët ushtarakë.
“Situata me dronët është mjaft e ndërlikuar, sepse ka një numër të madh të kategorive të ndryshme. Dronët e vegjël komercialë janë relativisht të lehtë për t’u modifikuar. Mund të flasim vetëm për ata më të mëdhenjtë, që mund të klasifikohen si avionë luftarakë”, thotë Aleksandar Radiq, analist ushtarak nga Beogradi.
Qielli pa kufij. Sistemi i vjetër i kontrollit të armëve në rajon duket më shumë si një relikt sesa një mbrojtje, pasi të gjitha vendet kanë futur në përdorim armë të reja dhe më moderne.
Radiq thekson faktin se në kohën kur është nënshkruar marrëveshja në vitin 1996, Serbia ka pasur më shumë se 155 aeroplanë luftarakë.
“Serbia sot nuk është as afër atij numri. Britania e Madhe ka rreth njëqind avionë luftarakë. Vetë fryma e asaj marrëveshjeje është e lidhur me rrethanat e vjetra dhe ndryshimi i një dokumenti të tillë, mendoj unë, është jorealist. Ne kemi nevojë për një dokument të ri që do të garantonte besim, në përputhje me rrethanat moderne”, thotë Radiq për Radion Evropa e Lirë.
Vendet e NATO-s dhe të Traktatit të Varshavës - nga Oqeani Atlantik deri tek Uralet - nënshkruan në fund të vitit 1990 Marrëveshjen për forcat konvencionale në Evropë (CFE), por Rusia e pezulloi pjesëmarrjen e saj në këtë marrëveshje në vitin 2007.
Marrëveshja nënrajonale, e nënshkruar nga të njëjtat vende që ishin nënshkruese të Marrëveshjes së Dejtonit për Paqe, e cila i dha fund luftës në Bosnje dhe Hercegovinë në vitin 1995, bazohej në atë traktat të Luftës së Ftohtë.
"It has served its purpose. It was adopted at the most critical time. The states that signed it have never come close to meeting the set quotas. An update is needed not only of this agreement, but also of the Vienna Document, the CFE and the nuclear weapons issues," Dragan Samardzic, a retired admiral of the Montenegrin Army, tells Radio Free Europe.
As for military drones, Samardzic says that no arms control agreement has included them and that, for now, unmanned drones are considered more of a dangerous weapon that could be used by terrorist groups than by states.
In parallel with the procurement of drones, countries in the region are also working on the procurement of integrated systems for tracking and shooting down drones. Croatia and Serbia have such smaller systems, while, most recently, Turkey donated an anti-drone system to Bosnia and Herzegovina./REL
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